The authorities of every state would ever appreciate the scenario where they can hold a fixed exchange rate as it frequently does this through its agent the Central Bank, fixes the value of the currency to another currency such as the US dollar or United Kingdom pounds sterling. Official exchange rates are so normally quoted in footings of US dollars or lbs sterling. A good illustration is the authorities of Nigeria in the early 80 ‘s when the Federal authorities had a fixed exchange rate which was fixed with the UK lbs sterling, and so a lb was equal to a Naira. The federal authorities used the cardinal bank to throng in surpluss from circulation so as to accomplish its coveted consequence.

Some other states besides had this in topographic point and the same is being worked upon by the European Union with the usage of one currency for all states in the brotherhood ( EU ) . The currency used is the Euro. The chief involvement in such disposal is the ability to command and guarantee a steady system which would name for a regulated economic system.

1.1 Aim

The aim of this assignment is to discourse issues which would be mentioned below as they would impact certainty in international trade when all states adopt a fixed exchange rate. The issues include:

Types of exchange rate

How exchange rate alterations

Impact of exchange rate on the economic system both nationally and internationally

Understanding of fixed exchange rate from demand and supply position.

1.2 DEFINITION OF EXCHANGE Rate

Harmonizing to investorwords.com ( 2010 ) , exchange rate is ‘Rate at which one currency may be converted into another. The exchange rate is in usage at the clip of change overing one currency to another of any other state for going, concern intent etc. There exist many factors that influence the exchange rate, such as involvement rates, rising prices, and the province of political relations and the economic system in each state. This is besides known as rate of exchange or foreign exchange rate or currency exchange rate ‘ .

( Mention: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.investorwords.com/1806/exchange_rate.html # ixzz19MRPF6yd )

1.3 TYPES OF EXCHANGE Rate

Exchange rate fundamentally has to make with the in agreement currency/amount/value that a state would a nog for transactionary motivations between its state and other states around the Earth for concern motivations. The following are the types that exist:

The floating Exchange Rate: This is determined by the market forces of demand and supply. Every currency reveals the value of what the purchasers want to pay for it.

The nature of demand and supply in any given market is determined by some expected forces as afore-mentioned above, and as the pursuit of the consumers drives the factors to find how much exchange would be fixed, so besides is the power of providers and their ability to run into up with the petitions tendered by the consumers.

Fixed Exchange Rate: A fixed exchange rate is such that is fixed and maintained by the authorities of a state or by its fiscal establishment like the cardinal bank. This is besides regarded as a pegged rate. No fluctuations are allowed in the rate and this is normally fixed along side the US dollar.

Others include:

Topographic point Rate: This type allows for usage of the monetary value for exchange which is determined at that peculiar clip i.e. at that topographic point. Merely few holds occur to this type of exchange rate.

Forward Rate: This rate applies to minutess which come up at determined clip in the hereafter. The value of the exchange is fixed at the present period and settled subsequently.

Future Rate: This allows for the dealing to be made now and the monetary value is fixed for a hereafter day of the month.

( Mention: hypertext transfer protocol: //ezinearticles.com/ ? Types-Of-Exchange-Rate — -Their-Terms-And-Definition & A ; id=5138506, assessed on the 28/12/10 ) .

2.0 IMPACT OF EXCHANGE RATE ON THE ECONOMY BOTH NATIONALLY AND INTERNATIONALLY WITH UNDERSTANDING OF FIXED EXCHANGE Rate FROM DEMAND AND SUPPLY PERSPECTIVE.

Fixed exchange rate has to make with a state or economic system under whichA the governmentA orA cardinal bankA fixes the official exchange rate to another state ‘s currency or the monetary value of valued goods like gold in order to guarantee a free flow of dealing between it and the other state ( s ) .A The intent of a fixed exchange rate system is to keep a state ‘s currency valueA within a really narrow band.A This is besides known as pegged exchange rate.

( Mention: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.answers.com/topic/fixed-exchange-rate # ixzz19MJnjlGQ )

Fixed rates may supply a more stable environment for international investing and growing through turning away of uncertainness and associated costs ; train – inducement to avoid extra demand, rising prices, and B of P troubles ; less destabilizing guess. A really simple theory about this is the consideration of the sale of gold. If the monetary value of gold is pegged at the same monetary value for every state, it will guarantee that the demand and supply curve of the trade good is fixed and any alteration in demand will take to swift alteration in supply. No affair the measure demanded or supplied, the monetary value remains as agreed by the states involved as the exchange rate is pegged. The diagram below makes it more expressed.

From the above diagram, it is apparent that any alteration in the monetary value of the goods or a displacement in the supply of the trade good say, gold would intend same monetary value alteration as there exists a fixed exchange rate policy between the states.

Appreciation ensuing from addition in demand for lbs.

vague

The diagram below shows an addition in supply S1 – S2. This shows the market value show a downward incline of the exchange rate.

vague

Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.investopedia.com/articles/03/020603.asp assessed on 31/12/10

2.1 BENEFITS OF A FIXED Rate

Reduced hazard in international trade: This system helps the international market to be confident of the fact that during the class of the trade, there is an confidence of stable monetary value for the trade goods.

Introduces subject in economic direction – inflationary issues are less upheld here as the authorities would desire the economic system to be competitory and so avoid jobs unemployment and balance of payments.

Fixed rates cut down the impact of guesss: This system reduces guesss in the market.

Fixed exchange rate additions concern ties: The handiness of a fixed exchange rate allows for more concerns to be done by different states as this would cut down or extinguish fright of rising prices or deflation of currency as it may impact the states sing the impact of import and export.

2.2 DISADVANTAGES OF THE FIXED EXCHANGE Rate

Balance of payments accommodation is non automatic: With a fixed rate, the job of disequilibrium occurs and would hold to be settled through a decrease in the degree of aggregative demand. As the degree of demand falls consumers take less import, monetary value degree falls doing you more competitory.

Large retentions of foreign exchange militias required – This rates require a authorities to hold a big graduated table modesty of foreign currency to keep the fixed rate

Freedom loss in your internal policy – Concentration on this might do a authorities loose focal point on other policies for the econmy.

Fixed rates are inherently unstable – Due to rate of rising prices, different states will be affected otherwise. States with low rising prices may be really competitory and others with high rising prices may non be really competitory.

( Mention: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bized.co.uk/virtual/bank/economics/markets/foreign/further1.htm assessed on 28/12/10 )

3.0 Decision

Fixed exchange rate will let for a smooth concern in the international universe when it is allowed to work at its best sing the intercession of the authorities of each state that are involved. Besides to be noted is the fact that if an economic system is prone to perturbations from internal causes, there may be advantage in fixed rates as such that it would let for smooth trade within and internationally.

States that have strong and stable economic system to suit every fiscal strength would follow a natation system. Major developed universe states like US, Great Britain, Japan, and Canada.

Besides drifting rates can absorb the menaces of domestic economic system dazes happening abroad and give domestic governments understanding in seeking joint ways to accomplish internal and external aims.

Therefore, drifting exchange rate would give a better opportunity for smooth, dependable and reliable market land with perfect market state of affairs which would guarantee a better and uninterrupted exchange of goods and trade goods.