VIVEKANANDA EDUCATION SOCIETY INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES AND RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUBMITTED TO: PROF. VIJU NAVARE GROUP NO: 7 SUBMITTED BY: NILESH AHUJA 62 NITIN GALANI 66 NITESH NAGDEV 77 PAWAN RAHEJA 97 SANJAY RAWLANI 101 PAYAL VANVARI 119 Q. 1) what is International Business? State & explain the forces that are helping internationalization of business. Can it be said that international business has not only encouraged global growth and prosperity but has also resulted in creation of international financial instability.

Explain with examples? International Business: International business is a term used to collectively describe all commercial transactions (private and governmental, sales, investments, logistics,and transportation) that take place between two or more regions, countries and nations beyond their political boundary. Usually, private companies undertake such transactions for profit; governments undertake them for profit and for political reasons. It refers to all those business activities which involves cross border transactions of goods, services, resources between two or more nations.

Transaction of economic resources include capital, skills, people etc. for international production of physical goods and services such as finance, banking, insurance, construction etc. International Business is the study of business and management across international borders. It encompasses aspects such as globalisation and the impacts of the global environment on organisations, trade and trade policy, foreign direct investment, strategies of international firms, strategic alliances and exporting, and international management, including cross-cultural and international human resource management.

It has become essential for business managers, policy makers and researchers involved in the global environment to understand international business. In the 21st century, goods, services and knowledge flow across country borders much more easily than in the past. For business, the implications of these flows and the increased mobility of human resources are profound. Long-term survival of businesses, and indeed entire economies, depend on how well these forces are understood and leveraged. Forces helping internationalization of business: 1. Expansion of Technology.

Air travel, the internet, e-mail, e-commerce, direct dial international phone calls, fax, and other technologies have brought down the cost and increased the efficiency of doing business internationally. 2. Liberalization of Cross-Border Movements. The World Trade Organization (WTO, discussed in Chapter 6) and other international trade agreements have reduced barriers to the movement of goods and services across national boundaries. 3. Development of Supporting Services. International banking, international document delivery, and other services have tremendously simplified the conduct of international business. . Increase in Global Competition. It is becoming increasingly important that firms have international operations in order to be able to shift production across countries and take advantage of new production location and marketing opportunities to stay ahead of other international competitors. 5. Exports are goods and services produced in one country and then sent to another country. Imports are goods and services produced in one country and then brought in by another country. Information about exports and imports helps us to explain the impact of international business on the economy. 6.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is equity funds invested in other nations. Industrialized countries have invested large amounts of money in other industrialized nations and smaller amounts in less developed countries (LDCs), such as those in Eastern Europe, or in newly industrialized countries (NICs), such as Hong Kong, South Korea, and Singapore. Most of the world’s FDI is in the US, the European Union (EU), and Japan. As nations have become more affluent, they have pursued FDI in geographic areas that have economic growth potential. The Japanese, for example, have been investing heavily in the EU in recent years. . Over 50 per cent of world trade and over 80 per cent of foreign direct investment is conducted by three regional economic hubs: the US, the EU and Japan. Collectively, these areas are referred to as the “triad”. The triad is a group of three major trading and investment blocs in the international arena. Q. 2) critically examine Purchasing Power Parity Theory. Purchasing power parity (PPP) is a theory which states that exchange rates between currencies are in equilibrium when their purchasing power is the same in each of the two countries.

This means that the exchange rate between two countries should equal the ratio of the two countries’ price level of a fixed basket of goods and services. When a country’s domestic price level is increasing (i. e. , a country experiences inflation), that country’s exchange rate must depreciated in order to return to PPP The purchasing power parity (PPP) theory measures the purchasing power of one currency against another after taking into account their exchange rate. Taking into account their exchange rate simply means that you measure the strength of purchasing power on $1 with that of Rs 50 and not with Rs 1 (assuming the exchange rate is $ 1 = Rs 50) ? Developed by Gustav Cassel in 1918, the theory states that, in ideally efficient markets, identical goods should have only one price. Simply put, what this means is that a bundle of goods should ideally cost the same in Canada and the United States. However, if it doesn’t happen then we say that purchasing power parity does not exist between the two currencies. Let’s look at an example

Suppose that one U. S. Dollar (USD) is currently selling for fifty Indian Rupees(INR)? In the United States, wooden cricket bats sell for $40 while in India, they sell for 750 Rupees. Since 1 USD = 50 INR, the bat which costs $40 USD in U. S costs only 15 USD if we buy it in India. Clearly there is an advantage of buying the bat in India, so consumers would be happier to buy the bat in India. If consumers decide to do this, we should expect to see three things happen: 1. American consumers demand for Indian Rupees would increase which will cause the Indian Rupee to become more expensive. . The demand for cricket bats sold in the United States would decrease and hence its prices would tend to decrease. 3. The increase in demand for cricket bats in India would make them more expensive. 4. Thus the prices in the US and India would start moving towards an equilibrium. So what happens now……? In an ideal scenario, prices in both countries would become equal at some price point. ?The increased demand for INR, for instance may lead an increase in its value such that 1 USD = 40 INR. Secondly, due to decrease in demand for the bats in the US, its price drops to USD 30.

Thirdly, the increase in demand for the bats in India takes its price up to INR 1200. ?At these levels you can see that there is Purchase Price Parity between both the currencies. ? This also means that whether you buy the bat in US or in India, it is one and the same thing for the consumer. This is because a consumer can spend $30 in the United States for a cricket bat, or he can take his $30, exchange it for 1200 Rupees (since 1 USD = 40 INR) and buy a cricket bat in India and be no better off. So,

Purchasing-power parity theory tells us that price differentials between countries are not sustainable in the long run as market forces will equalize prices between countries and change exchange rates in doing so. ? you might think that my example of consumers crossing the border to buy cricket bats is unrealistic as the expense of the longer trip would wipe out any savings you get from buying the bat for a lower price. ?However it is not unrealistic to imagine an individual or company buying hundreds or thousands of the bats in India, then shipping them to the United States for sale.

It is also not unrealistic to imagine a large retail store purchasing bats from the lower cost manufacturer in India instead of the higher cost manufacturer in India. ?In the long run, having different prices in the United States and India is not sustainable because an individual or company will be able to gain an arbitrage profit by buying the good cheaply in one market and selling it for a higher price in the other market Q. 3) Define ‘International Business’. Explain fundamental difference b/w domestic business operation and international business operation using business characteristics INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

International business is a term used to collectively describe all commercial transactions (private and governmental, sales, investments, logistics, and transportation) that take place between two or more regions, countries and nations beyond their political boundary. Usually, private companies undertake such transactions for profit; governments undertake them for profit and for political reasons. It refers to all those business activities which involves cross border transactions of goods, services, resources between two or more nations. Transaction of economic resources include capital, skills, people etc. or international production of physical goods and services such as finance, banking, insurance, construction etc. International business deals with business activities (both production and services) that crosses the national boundaries. This activity includes movement of goods, services capital or personnel, transfer of technology, etc . Functionally, by business we mean those human activities, which involve production or purchase of goods and services with the object of selling them at a profit.

Today’s world is an era of Global Village or specialization. A particular country is not self-dependent for producing goods and services. One country depends on another for goods and services as well as one area of a particular country depends on another area for meeting demand. This interdependence creates international Business. CHARACTERISTICS OF BUSINESS What makes a business great? This is one of the key questions to ask when looking to invest your dollars in the common stock of a publicly traded company. Obviously, the goal of any business is to create capital where there was none before; i. . , generate profits. However, just because a company is profitable today does not necessarily mean it will be profitable tomorrow. Good investments are made in companies that can sustain profitability over a period of time, and are not prone to swift and painful loss of business. Here are 5 primary factors to look for when evaluating a potential investment in terms of determining whether or not it is a great business: 1. Recurring Sales One way to guard against a sudden loss of business is to employ a recurring revenue business model.

There are numerous examples of this: consumable products (food, beverages, toiletries, etc. ), subscription media, open-ended prescription drugs, business services such as outsourcing payroll, consumer services like cable TV and broadband internet, and so on. All of these businesses generate recurring revenues from customers on an annual or monthly basis, and so are not necessarily reliant on their product being the “hot” item at the moment. Conversely, there are lots of businesses that must constantly compete to win business, and after winning it, they rarely see more sales to the same customer.

One Magic Formula example of this is LCA-Vision (LCAV), which provides laser eye correction surgery. It’s pretty unlikely that most customers will need (or want) to have their vision corrected twice! 2. Scalability at Low Cost Growth is an important factor to consider, but the cost of growing is very important to the ultimate outcome. Truly great businesses can increase revenues without spending a whole lot to do so. Take, for example, eBay (EBAY). Here is a company that does nearly all of it’s business on the internet, and basically just connects buyers and sellers together.

Once the servers, databases, and software were in place, eBay could accommodate ever larger numbers of customers without spending much of anything! This is scalability at low cost. Compare this to the airlines, a notoriously bad business. For the airlines to grow revenues, they have to add routes. Adding routes requires massive capital spending for new planes, airport terminal space, regulatory rights, and so forth. Growing revenues is a very expensive proposition – airlines cannot scale without spending a lot of money to do so. Clearly eBay’s way is a lot better! 3. High Return on Invested Capital

Think about what your goal is when you invest in a stock, or a mutual fund, or a piece of real estate. You are looking for high returns on your investment, right? The same applies to businesses. Simply put, businesses invest capital to earn a return. A business that can earn a higher return on the capital it invests is a better business. Most Magic Formula companies earn returns of 30% or higher on invested capital. This point is core to the Magic Formula screen. The mantra of the Magic Formula Investing strategy is “good companies at cheap prices”. The “good companies” part is measured by return on invested capital.

The airlines vs. eBay example apply here as well. For every server eBay buys, they can earn a substantial return on that investment. For every plane the airlines purchase, there is less upside because of maintenance costs and the limited time and space available at any given time. Which brings us to our next point…? 4. High Cash Flow Margins after Maintenance Cash flow is what it’s all about… this is the capital that a business can re-invest to earn those return on capital figures, or pay back to the shareholders in the form a dividend or repurchase of shares.

Good companies can convert a high percentage of their sales into free cash flow – cash left after maintenance costs to keep the business going. MagicDiligence usually looks for free cash flow margins to be over 5%, although this figure depends on the type of business. Let’s pick on the airlines again here. Maintaining airplanes is an expensive proposition. Planes have to work flawlessly, which requires a lot of spending for parts, labor, tools, and so on, and in every location the planes fly to or from. All of this eats up the cash earned from ticket sales, and leaves little left for the business to re-invest or pay back. Bay’s maintenance costs are much less obtrusive. Maintaining computer equipment and software is considerably cheaper. Therefore eBay will have more cash left over to invest (unfortunately, the company has often chosen to use that cash to make insanely expensive purchases of other businesses). 5. Durable, Structural Competitive Advantages All of these attributes of a good business are worthless unless they are attributes that can be sustained over a long period of time. Otherwise they can disappear and we’re left owning a not-so-good business.

How International business is different from domestic business: Many a people are involved in business but some of them don’t know the actual meaning of business. Because they are supposed to run their father’s or uncle’s business with due care, it does not matter whether they are familiar with this term or not. Their knowledge may be ample for domestic business but in case of an international business they must be acquainted of some differences. When business transactions are carried out among parties within a country’s borders is called domestic business.

And when the business transactions occur between parties from more than one countries or cross border activities is termed as International business. The business transactions comprise of buying materials in one country and transport them off to another country for dealing out, shipping finished products from one country to another for retail sales, installing a new plant in a foreign country to take advantage of lower labour costs, or borrowing money from a bank in one country for the funding of operations in another. These business transactions are not associated with only one type of party it may involve ransactions between private business owners, governmental agencies, individual companies, and groups of companies. International business can differ from domestic business for a number of other reasons including the following: The first difference involves the dissimilarity in currencies. Countries involved in business may use different currencies; it may force at least one party to switch its currency into another. In other words, one of the parties would have to follow the prevailing market currency exchange rate to make its business transactions viable.

Next you may face the difference in legal systems of countries; it may compel one or more parties to adjust their practices to comply with local law. Occasionally, the consent of the legal systems may act as a barrier and be irreconcilable, creating complications for international managers. Difference in cultures is also considered as dissimilarity in domestic and international business. The cultures of the countries may vary according to the use of trading product and it may force each party to adjust its behavior to meet the expectation of the others.

For example the difference in the use of pork and wine face different attitudes in western and Muslim cultures. Last is the difference in availability of resources by country. One country may be rich in natural resources but poor in skilled labour, while another may enjoy a productive, well-trained work force but lack natural resources. Thus, the way products are produce and the types of products that are produced vary among countries. Currently, this is the major difference noticed in the business between developed and third world countries.

Before going to start an International business, people must be well-informed about cultures, legal, political and social differences among countries. They must choose the countries in which to sell their goods and from which to buy inputs with assurance and hoping that a good business is waiting ahead for them. Q. 4) International business is more complex and different from domestic business. Explain the difference by using ten functional parameters Today, business is acknowledged to be international and there is a general expectation that this will continue for the foreseeable future.

International business may be defined simply as business transactions that take place across national borders. This broad definition includes the very small firm that exports (or imports) a small quantity to only one country, as well as the very large global firm with integrated operations and strategic alliances around the world. Within this broad array, distinctions are often made among different types of international firms, and these distinctions are helpful in understanding a firm’s strategy, organization, and functional decisions (for example, its financial, administrative, marketing, human resource, or operations decisions).

One distinction that can be helpful is the distinction between multi-domestic operations, with independent subsidiaries which act essentially as domestic firms, and global operations, with integrated subsidiaries which are closely related and interconnected. These may be thought of as the two ends of a continuum, with many possibilities in between. Firms are unlikely to be at one end of the continuum, though, as they often combine aspects of multi-domestic operations with aspects of global operations.

International business grew over the last half of the twentieth century partly because of liberalization of both trade and investment, and partly because doing business internationally had become easier. In terms of liberalization, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) negotiation rounds resulted in trade liberalization, and this was continued with the formation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. At the same time, worldwide capital movements were liberalized by most governments, particularly with the advent of electronic funds transfers.

In addition, the introduction of a new European monetary unit, the euro, into circulation in January 2002 has impacted international business economically. The euro is the currency of the European Union, membership in March 2005 of 25 countries, and the euro replaced each country’s previous currency. As of early 2005, the United States dollar continues to struggle against the euro and the impacts are being felt across industries worldwide.

In terms of ease of doing business internationally, two major forces are important: (i) Technological developments which make global communication and transportation relatively quick and convenient; and (ii) The disappearance of a substantial part of the communist world, opening many of the world’s economies to private business. Conducting and managing international business operations is more complex than undertaking domestic business. Because of variations in political, social, cultural and economic environments across countries, business firms find it difficult to extend their domestic business strategy to foreign markets.

To be successful in the overseas markets, they need to adapt their product, pricing, promotion and distribution strategies and overall business plans to suit the specific requirements of the target foreign markets Key aspects in respect of which domestic and international businesses differ from each other are discussed below. Mobility of factors of production: The degree of mobility of factors like labor and capital is generally less between countries than within a country. While these factors of movement can move freely within the country, there exist various restrictions to their movement across nations.

Apart from legal restrictions, even the variations in socio-cultural environments, geographic influences and economic conditions come in a big way in their movement across countries. Differences in business systems and practices: Countries differ from one another in terms of their socio-economic development, availability, cost and efficiency of economic infrastructure and market support services, and business customs and practices due to their socio-economic milieu and historical coincidences.

All such differences make it necessary for firms interested in entering into international markets to adapt their production, finance, human resource and marketing plans as per the conditions prevailing in the international markets. Political system and risks: Political factors such as the type of government, political party system, political ideology, political risks, etc. , have a profound impact on business operations. Since a business person is familiar with the political environment of his/her country, he/she can well understand it and predict its impact on business operations. But this is not the case with international business.

Political environment differs from one country to another. One needs to make special efforts to understand the differing political environments and their business implications. A major problem with a foreign country’s political environment is a tendency among nations to favor products and services originating in their own countries to those coming from other countries. While this is not a problem for business firms operating domestically, it quite often becomes a severe problem for the firms interested in exporting their goods and services to other nations or setting up their plants in the overseas markets.

Business regulations and policies: Coupled with its socioeconomic environment and political philosophy, each country evolves its own set of business laws and regulations. Though these laws, regulations and economic policies are more or less uniformly applicable within a country, they differ widely among nations. Tariff and taxation policies, import quota system, subsidies and other controls adopted by a nation are not the same as in other countries and often discriminate against foreign products, services and capital. Q. 5) State the objectives of International Business.

Give an overview of various methods of doing Int. Bus. With suitable practical examples METHODS OF INTERNATIONAL EXPANSION 1: EXPORTING 2: FDI 3: LICENSING. 4: FRANCHISING. 5: MERGERS ; ACQUISITIONS / CROSS BORDER ACQUISITIONS. 6: MANAGEMENT CONTACTS. Exporting * Usually the business first experience with global business. * Exporting is the selling of products in overseas domestic markets. * Usually a low cost, low risk way of penetrating into global markets. * · Sole traders and SME“s commonly use intermediaries to export their goods, in a process known as indirect exporting. Government departments such as the DFAT and Austrade provide information to small business about exporting to other countries. FDI’ Foreign Direct Investment * Method of international expansion, by controlling interest in property, assets or companies overseas. * Involves a higher level of commitment’ money, equipment and personnel transfers do occur. * Usually requires large amounts of capital, therefore the players are usually multinational or transnational corporations. * Originates from a variety of business arrangements, including: (A) Wholly owned subsidiary’s i) A business that is entirely owned and controlled by the parent company. (ii) Achieved with by establishing a new business, or buying an existing business (B) Joint Ventures (i) Part ownership of another business with other business and partners. (ii) Each share contributions such as personnel, equipment, capital etc. (C) Strategic Alliances (i) Arrangements between two or more businesses with a common busies objective. (ii) Party’s are willing to cooperate, but don’t wish to form a separate business. (iii) Examples’ The ”Star Alliance’ encompassing many airlines from around the globe.

Reallocation of Production * This is where the production of the business is reallocated to one of many potential locations that exist worldwide. * There are many reasons why company’s engage in this practice including: (A) Reducing labour Costs (i) Taking advantage of lower labour costs in other countries. (B) Get around trade barriers (i) In order to penetrate into domestic markets, to avoid the barriers incurred when Importing, a business may set up production in that particular country (”producing Behind enemy lines). (C) Be Closer to Customers i) This results in cheaper, more time efficient means of getting gods and services to the Customer. Management Contracts · Management contracts are agreements where one business provides managerial assistance, technical expertise or specialized services to another organization. · The business providing the service usually gets a flat fee or percentage of sales. · This form of expansion opens up new markets which the business providing assistance can operate within, whilst providing capital inlay. Licensing and Franchising Licensing is an arrangement where a business seels the right to use intellectual property to another business. · This intellectual property includes such things as technology, work methods, patents, designs, copyrights etc. · This form of expansion minimizes expenditure and risk. The licensor learns information about this new market without investing a lot of time and effort. · Disadvantages include loss of control, including quality standards and geographic distribution. · Franchising is an arrangement where one business supplies another with intellectual property and ongoing support. Gives the franchisor more control over the sale of its products. There are strict guidelines which must be followed, else a loss of the franchising licence will occur. · Advantages include low cost and low risks in entering new markets, maintenance of product service and consistency, access to cultural knowledge from managers, and arranged favourable deals with suppliers. OBJECTIVES OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Increasing sales and finding new markets · By expanding operations to an international scale means that business can increase their total Sales. The product may also differ in its life cycle in other countries. It is quite possible that a mature product in Australia is only an emerging product in another oversees country. Business can take advantage of this. Acquiring New Resources · Other markets in the global economy may have extra resources that the business needs to expand. · These same resources may also be less productive or more expensive than that of the domestic Operations of the business. Diversification · Business may engage in expanding its operations in order to diversify its suppliers and markets. This avoids volatile swings in market prices and sales in any one market, allowing other markets to support these occurrences. · If a business has a range of suppliers from different countries, then the business is less likely to Come under threat from supply shortages or price increases. Minimizing Competitive Risk · The operation of a business in many countries means that it is less likely that a competitor will have a crucial impact on the business“ operations in one particular market. Gaining Economies of Scale Where a business endures cost savings by increasing the scale or size of its operations. · Through international expansion, business obtain a better economies of scale by selling worldwide or establishing production opportunities in low cost labour localities. · Through this increase in the size of the market, the price per unit of output falls, allowing for a Reduction in price or an increase in profits. Cushioning the Economic Cycle · If a business has operations in a variety of economies, it may lessen the impact or cushion the Nature of the economic cycle. The economic cycle is the stages an economy experiences over an amount of time; moving from a booming economy where sales and employment is high to a recession or boom where there are lower sales and increased unemployment. · Although the economies of the world are becoming more integrated, this cycle still varies from economy to economy and thus can be used as an advantage to multinational or transnational business. Regulatory Differences · Some countries of the word have more lenient stances towards regulations involving environmental emissions and award rates for workers. Business may use this to their advantage, and set up operations where it will cost them less to operate due to the nature of government regulations in a particular country. Minimising Tax · Taxes in various countries around the world differ. · Therefore business may take advantage of countries with lower taxation rates, saving on the costs of production. · These types of countries are known as tax havens countries having little or no corporate income taxes. Three types of tax havens include: (a) Tax Paradises (i) No corporate taxation (b) Tax shelters (i) No tax at all or very little tax occurs. c) Financial Centres Q. 6) Discuss the economic, cultural, social, political and technological envt of int. bus. as it prevails today. Draw lessons for Indian companies wishing to go global Political The most important political factor to consider is the stability of the foreign government, viewed in the context of how long the enterprise wants to be doing business in the country. If the foreign country holds regular elections, the business must look at the likely date of the next election and the possible changes that would result if there were a change of government.

Also, if a sudden emergency or coup could give rise to change of government this could radically change the business environment, and if this is possible the company may need to be more cautious in its approach to doing business in that country. Where no change of government is imminent, and the system is judged to be stable, the business must consider the future policy of the government and how it will affect the business and its products in that country.

For example, incentives and reliefs currently given to foreign enterprises could be phased out, or a more nationalistic policy could be pursued that would favour domestic companies over foreign competitors. The enterprise must consider the available forms of doing business in the foreign country, and whether a branch or a company would be the better business vehicle. In the legal area the enterprise must examine intellectual property laws and regulations, and the extent to which they are enforced. This is especially important where the products to be sold contain high technology and patented components or procedures.

Another important legal area to examine in the foreign country is the employment law, which will be especially important if the enterprise is to set up manufacturing operations or to retain a number of selling outlets in the country. Laws relating to the environment and to health and safety should also be examined, as they may affect the way the product is to be marketed and sold in the country. Modifications may need to be made to the product to make it suitable for sale under the laws of the country. Economic The business must look at the size of the economy and the growth rate in the foreign country.

Other significant numbers to look at are the inflation rate and the interest rate in the country, and likely future developments with these figures. This will affect patterns of consumer spending, and will impact sales to a greater or lesser extent depending on the type of products and target market. Government economic policy and its management of the economy can be examined to glean information about the likely future policy trends. The enterprise must examine the industry in which it is operating and the size and number of players in that industry in the foreign country.

In particular, the nature and number of competitors in the industry is important – it will make a difference if there is one major player and a number of smaller players, or a number of equal-sized enterprises competing in the industry. The marketing strategy of the other players in the industry should be examined. Possible future suppliers and distributors should be identified. The marketing strategy could be affected by the nature of the distributors and the type of sales outlet used.

The business must look at import duties on its products and at any restrictions on imports such as quotas, or any safety or “public interest” requirements that might prevent some products being imported into the country. High tariffs are likely to affect the price at which the business can sell its product in the foreign country, and it will also need to examine the position with regard to indirect taxes such as a sales tax or VAT that might affect selling prices within the country. Direct taxes are also an important factor to consider, and the enterprise must look round for any possibility for reducing taxes uch as operating in a special enterprise zone that might offer tax and duty reliefs in addition to the provision of modern infrastructure. Social An analysis of the social composition and attitudes in the foreign country must take into account the size of the population and the age distribution, which will affect the likely demand for the products. A country where the majority of people are under the age of thirty will have different tastes and demands to a country where the population is ageing and quite a large proportion are of retirement age.

The enterprise should also take into account the income distribution and its relation to the age distribution. The combination will affect marketing efforts and target markets within the country. Another demographic feature worth taking into account is the proportion of urban dwellers in relation to those living in the countryside, and how the proportions are likely to change in the future. The marketing and sales of the enterprise’s products could also be affected by lifestyle factors such as the attitude to health and fitness or the job expectations especially among younger people.

Finally, social customs and languages are likely to have a significant effect on the marketing effort and how it is approached. To overcome language problems, local sales and marketing staff will need to be put in place and any social taboos must be taken into account in advertising strategies. There are also many examples of mistakes in naming products for a foreign market. Where a strong brand is attached to a certain name, it is desirable to use it in the new market, but it is necessary to check the meaning of the product name in the foreign languages used by the target market.

Technological The situation with regard to technological development in the foreign country is important to the marketing effort. Where internet use is high, this can be an effective marketing tool. Other types of media should also be examined, such as television viewing, number of listeners to radio stations in addition to less high technology media such as newspaper circulation. The telecommunications infrastructure in place, including actual and potential use of broadband, should be taken into account when planning the marketing effort.

The extent of use of technology in other areas such as the banking system is also important. Conclusion The PEST analysis is not in itself a solution to the problems posed by marketing a product in a foreign country, but it is a way of directing planning towards important features of the new country and target market. The results of the PEST analysis will always be subjective and should only be treated as an approximate guide, to be refined as more information and experience is gained in the new market. LESSONS FOR INDIAN COMPANIES WISHING TO GO GLOBAL Whenever you are involved in international negotiations or global meetings keep in mind that you might be working with the same person for the next 10 – 20 years. * Negotiations should be open and straightforward. Hidden agendas will eventually be discovered and make the next meeting very difficult. * Negotiations should involve creating value for both parties. * Meetings are important moments where trust is being built and confirmed. Be honest and clear about your desires. * Never agree to something you cannot deliver or perform. Listen, understand and evaluate what your partner is requesting. What are they saying, and what does it mean. * Be certain of what you are negotiating and agreeing to. If not 100% sure, stop and request clarification. * Prepare for the meeting several weeks before it happens. Refresh and add information weekly. When you reach the meeting, you will be in control of the information and feel comfortable during the talks. * At the end of the meeting, write down the most important points or agreements, with names and dates, and have it signed by those present.

This little tip will save lots of time and trouble for everyone involved. * Any agreement must have 100% follow-through. If for any reason problems arise in the follow-through, immediately contact and communicate the situation to your partner. Q. 7) how global organizations emerge to enjoy global leaderships their business? Give relevant current illustrations from global organizations Requirements to be a global leader: I. Leadership An Inspirational Global Leader Experience shows that if a global leader is a visionary person with an ntrepreneurial, out-of-the-box thinking spirit who acts as a role model in reaching out to the various opportunities international expansion offers, his or her organization is fueled with the right level of energy to grow beyond its home-country borders. Strong global leaders come across as inspiring to people in the local markets; they are strong advocates for the core business of their organizations, understand the needs of international audiences, attract local people to following the organizational goals, and know how to support these people in their countries. With the way they work, strong leaders enrich local economies and people.

Culturally Flexible Hinge Managers Because of their mediating role, one would like to call the managers whom one primarily liaise within the individual countries hinge managers. How well do one hinge managers understands vision, mission, and way of operating? And how can they link that understanding with the way other employees, volunteers, and markets operate in the local country? As one may have found out in their experience, people in other countries may have different values and perceptions, communicate in different ways, and may need to be managed in different ways.

Global leaders, as well as the hinge managers, need to have a very good understanding of the similarities and differences in conducting international business. Global leaders need to provide their hinge managers with information resources that would help them in their country. The hinge managers need to be good at carrying the feedback of their teams and markets to international headquarters. Also, it is worthwhile for everybody to fine-tune their cross-cultural communications skills by learning more about cultural value dimensions that researchers have identified in the past century, to understand different behaviors across cultures.

One of the cultural dimensions researchers have identified is uncertainty avoidance. It is fascinating to learn how countries where people don’t like too much uncertainty prefer to be managed safely and securely, meaning a high level of social security and quality of work life. Learning these value dimensions will help you understand the tax system, the insurance practices, and the number of holidays when managing people in these countries. II. Company Culture The Global Company Culture

Can you think of organizations that went through tremendous crises, but came out of the crises perhaps in even better ways? Lets define a strong global organizational culture as a culture that holds the organization together and conveys trust not only in good times, but also challenging times. In light of this, according to the observations, many exemplary organizations practice the following: (a) Address a global need: The vision and mission statements embrace a global need and are articulated with messages on different platforms. b) Communicate, communicate, communicate: The organization utilizes a wide variety of internal communication channels such as websites, intranets, print, experience exchange meetings, and so forth to facilitate information exchange and emphasize corporate values. (c) Assume ownership: Corporate identity and branding are applied to all of these communication channels. Be aware of cross-cultural management styles. In some countries, the hinge managers give guidance on the level of access to information other staff and volunteers receive. d) Translate to reach out: Depending on its size, the organization adapts official language(s) and has its important corporate announcements and documents published in all of these languages. (e) Facilitate internal communication: An intranet site acts as an online resource for local operations and provides such information as project status and/or more functional information, such as helpful hints for event management, travel policy, holidays, country phone number codes, time differences, and foreign exchange rates. f) Capitalize on full international potential: Employees and volunteers at local sites are true business partners to global operations and contribute to drafting international strategic plans. They are the eyes and ears for strategic alliances, membership feedback, government environment, and investment ideas. They also are triggers for potential change and for keeping a large organization relevant to its audiences. (g) Train to reach goals and transform: The organization utilizes the training function as a strategic and dynamic function within the organization. h) Emphasize a sense of pride: The organization proudly talks about its organizational culture to attract like-minded people. (i) Identify international career paths: Good employees always look for professional development and challenge. Hence, the successful organization promotes international career paths. (j) Capitalize on the potential of an international board: A successful organization capitalizes on the view and resources of international board members. (k) Recognize ethics: The problem of ethics can vary from country to country.

An international code of ethics may guide leadership and management in the board members’ decisions and also add to the long-term international credibility of the organization. Also, recognizing ethical practices will attract people’s attention to this important subject, and foster an ethical business environment. (l) Training as a Strategic Function: When engaged strategically, training can fulfill two important functions: Help the company achieve its organizational goals faster, and help build the company culture.

When designing your training activities, take the following into consideration: * Run competency-based training: Identify competencies that will help your staff and volunteers achieve goals and train accordingly. * Engage the culture factor: The competency that helps achieve goals in one country may not be appropriate to achieve goals in another country. Localization of training is important for the end result. * Get local leadership ownership. Your hinge managers will talk training terminology in their operational meetings if they are convinced about its usefulness, and this will help your organization internalize the training. Integrate messages on organizational goals into your training. This will again make the training relevant and help the organization internalize it for success. III. Customer Service: Internalize and highlight vision and mission statements: Well-written vision and mission statements that are communicated on the global website, the country website, and through other means help local audiences get a clear message about what the nonprofit organization does. This clarity nurtures a trust environment.

Clarify your terminology: In some countries, it may be worthwhile to attend events that talk about the nonprofit industry, and there may be a need to explain the nonprofit terminology to individuals. Not all countries are familiar with this type of organization, and some even use a terminology that is perceived with suspicion by the public. Offering respectable certification programs also will help strengthen your credibility. Build your credibility: A foreign organization is a guest organization in a country.

Delivering the promised service and having a “can-do” approach and a sense of urgency are extremely important to maintain credibility and establish good relationships. Share your passion: If the communication material coming from the international headquarters reflects the passion of the leaders and tells about international experience, the global organization will come across as inspirational. Your website should reflect your global identity. The local organization then assumes the responsibility to be a point of immediate resource for members. Your country organization is your customer.

As your organization grows internationally, your customers will become your local staff and volunteers, in which case they will really appreciate if you offer them platforms for experience exchange and opportunities for cross-cultural collaboration. Speak to off-shore English: Foreign people tend to speak written English rather than conversational English at times. Some authors call this English off-shore English. The employees and volunteers of the global organization should be aware of off-shore English and speak, present, and promote for the ears, eyes, and feelings of off-shore English speakers.

Keep in mind that there have been cases where businesses have decided to partner with other non-native English-speaking companies merely because of parallels in communication. Incorporate the culture factor into your strategy: As there are different symbols, values, and beliefs that shape the perception of people in other countries, your market analysis, segmentation, and branding strategy require the consideration of cultural factors. Based on social and economical factors, you also need to give consideration to the most appropriate communication channels that will bring out the word on your organization.

Strong leadership, company culture, and culturally sensitive customer service may not be the first thoughts that come to your mind when your organization starts establishing international presence. At that time, things are just too exciting. Yet, once the time comes to support these international operations, your company culture, leadership, and customer service style are going to add the greatness to your organization that will inspire a lot of people around the world. EXAMPLES: 1. WAL MART 2. APPLE 3. P;G 4. NESTLE 5. MICROSOFT SHORT NOTES WITH EXAMPLES

Q. 8) what are TRIPS? Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) The WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), negotiated during the Uruguay Round, introduced intellectual property rules for the first time into the multilateral trading system. The Agreement, while recognizing that intellectual property rights (IPRs) are private rights, establishes minimum standards of protection that each government has to give to the intellectual property right in each of the WTO Member countries.

The Member countries are; however, free to provide higher standards of intellectual property rights protection. The Agreement is based on and supplements, with additional obligations, the Paris, Berne, Rome and Washington conventions in their respective fields. Thus, the Agreement does not constitute a fully independent convention, but rather an integrative instrument which provides “Convention-plus” protection for IPRs. The TRIPS Agreement is, by its coverage, the most comprehensive international instrument on IPRs, dealing with all types of IPRs, with the sole exception of breeders’ rights.

IPRs covered under the TRIPS agreement are: The TRIPS agreements is based on the basic principles of the other WTO Agreements, like non-discrimination clauses – National Treatment and Most Favored Nation Treatment, and are intended to promote “technological innovation” and “transfer and dissemination” Of technology. It also recognizes the special needs of the least-developed country Members in respect of providing maximum flexibility in the domestic implementation of laws and regulations.

Part V of the TRIPS Agreement provides an institutionalized, multilateral means for the prevention of disputes relating to IPRs and settlement thereof. It is aimed at preventing unilateral actions. Q. 9) Doing business with expanded Europe India is an important trade partner for the EU and a growing global economic power. It combines a sizable and growing market of more than 1 billion people with a growth rate of between 8 and 10 % – one of the fastest growing economies in the world.

Although it is far from the closed market that it was twenty years ago, India still also maintains substantial tariff and non-tariff barriers that hinder trade with the EU. The EU and India hope to increase their trade in both goods and services through the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) negotiations that they launched in 2007. India’s integration with the global economy In particular since the early 1990s, India has embarked on a process of economic reform and progressive integration with the global economy that aims to put it on a path of rapid and sustained growth.

Per capita incomes more than doubled during the period 1990-2005. In parallel, EU-India trade has grown impressively and doubled from €28. 6billion in 2003 to over €55billion in 2007. EU investment to India has more than tripled since 2003 from €759million to €2. 4billion in 2006 and trade in commercial services has more than doubled from €5. 2billion in 2002 to €12. 2billion in 2006. However, India’s trade regime and regulatory environment still remain comparatively restrictive and in 2008 the World Bank ranked India 120 (out of 178 economies) in terms of the ‘ease of doing business’.

In addition to tariff barriers to imports, India also imposes a number of non-tariff barriers in the form of quantitative restrictions, import licensing, mandatory testing and certification for a large number of products, as well as complicated and lengthy customs procedures. Overall cooperation framework with India In 2004 India became one of the EU’s “strategic partners”. Since 2005, the EU-India Joint Action Plan, revised in 2008, aims at realising the full potential of this partnership in key areas of interest to India and the EU.

The EU and India have in place an institutional framework, cascading down from the annual EU-India Summit, to a senior-official level Joint Committee, to the Sub-Commission on Trade and to working groups on technical issues such as technical barriers to trade (TBT), sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS), agricultural policy or industrial policy. The EU-India FTA With its combination of rapid growth and relatively high market protection India was an obvious partner for one of the new generation of EU FTAslaunched as part of the Global Europe strategy in 2006.

The parameters for an ambitious FTA were set out in the report of the EU-India  in October 2006, which was tasked with assessing the viability of an FTA between the EU and India. Other studies have reinforced the economic potential of an FTA between the EU and India. Negotiations for such FTA were launched in June 2007 and, so far, nine negotiating rounds have been held. The tenth round is foreseen from 6-8 March in Delhi. This year’s EU-India Summit will take place on 10 December in Brussels. EU technical and financial trade assistance to India

To assist India in continuing its efforts to better integrate into the world economy with a view to further enhancing bilateral trade and investment ties, the EU is providing trade related technical assistance to India. €13. 4million were allocated through the Trade and Investment Development Programme (TIDP) funded from the Country Strategy Paper (CSP) 2002-2006. At present, the follow-up programme to the TIDP is being designed and will be funded by the Country Strategy Paper 2007-2013. Q. 10) Salient Features of any 2 RTAs

There has been a rapid growth in the number of regional trade agreements (RTAs) in recent years. Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) have become a very prominent feature of the Multilateral Trading System (MTS). Some of the important RTA is APEC, the European Union, NAFTA, ASEAN, CEFTA, MERCOSUR and the Andean Community. * NAFTA The North American Free Trade Agreement or NAFTA is an agreement signed by the governments of Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994. Features of NAFTA

NAFTA Tariff Elimination Under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), tariffs on virtually all originating goods traded between Canada and Mexico were eliminated in 2008, with the exception of Canadian agricultural goods in the dairy, poultry, egg and sugar sectors (which are exempt from tariff elimination). Tariffs on qualifying goods traded between Canada and the United States became duty free on January 1, 1998, in accordance with the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement, which was carried forward under NAFTA for goods traded between Canada and the United States.

National Treatment NAFTA provides for national treatment of the goods and services of the three partner nations and the prohibition of trade-distorting performance requirements. Canada, the U. S. and Mexico must treat each other’s goods, services, and investors as they treat their own. Once goods, services or investments from one country enter the other, they cannot be discriminated against on the basis of origin. Significantly, NAFTA coverage also extends to investments made by any company incorporated in a NAFTA country, regardless of its country of origin.

Because of this, foreign investors can locate in Canada with the assurance that they will have secure access to markets in the U. S. and Mexico. Moreover, NAFTA also has provisions for accession by other countries. Other implications of NAFTA’s national treatment provisions include increased access to U. S. and Mexican government procurement opportunities for Canadian-based companies, and improved cross-border movement of business people and professionals among the signatory countries. Secure Market Access

NAFTA ensures secure access for Canadian-based exporters to both the U. S. and Mexico. Clearer North American content rules reduce the risk of unilateral interpretations by customs officials. In cases where North American content is an issue, exporters or producers can choose between two formulas and select the one which is most beneficial. Improved Dispute Settlement NAFTA provides clear rules for dealing with the settlement of disputes. If disputes arise between companies and NAFTA governments, to which acceptable olutions cannot be negotiated, they may be settled through international arbitration. The dispute settlement process is transparent and enforceable, so the interests of exporters and business investors can be effectively defended. Improved Intellectual Property Rights Protection NAFTA includes comprehensive protection of intellectual property including patents, trademarks, copyrights and trade secrets. Enhanced protection for holders of intellectual property encourages the development and commercialization of innovative goods and services in the NAFTA nations.

Q. 11) Foreign risk Foreign exchange risk management Foreign exchange risk management is designed to preserve the value of currency inflows, investments and loans, while enabling international businesses to compete abroad. Although it is impossible to eliminate all risks, negative exchange outcomes can be anticipated and managed effectively by individuals and corporate entities. Businesses do so by becoming familiar with the typical foreign exchange risks, demanding hard currency, diversifying properly and employing hedging strategies. 1. Currency Risks Foreign exchange risk is generally associated with adverse currency movements that negatively affect purchasing or pricing power. Merchants that accept and hold foreign currency lose purchasing power when the value of that foreign currency falls against their home currency. Meanwhile, businesses that offer goods and services overseas are unfavorably affected by increasing domestic currency values that raise the prices for exports. Political Risks * Politics influences foreign exchange risks. All international operators are challenged by political risks, which impede the flow of global business.

Exchange rates for domestic currency have a bilateral cause and effect relationship with the home government. First, political unrest and instability will cause currency values from that particular nation to fall. Second, the nation’s citizenry will pressure leadership to action if they feel that foreign exchange and trade are not being coordinated effectively. The upheaval may result in trade wars, excessive taxes on international commerce or the outright seizure of foreign assets. Hard Currency * The U. S. dollar is hard currency.

Businesses and private citizens attempt to minimize foreign exchange risk by demanding that all transactions are settled in hard currency. Hard currency is associated with the industrialized, group of seven (G7) nations. The G7 is made up of the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy and Japan. The currencies employed are the U. S. dollar, Canadian dollar, British pound, Euro and Yen. Hard currency values are relatively stable as they are associated with strong economies and political regimes that protect individual rights. Diversification * All currencies fluctuate in value over time.

Diversification allows people and businesses to neutralize the risks of holding currency that deteriorates in value, by carrying competing currency that is gaining in value. Doing business within several different countries, converting profits into separate foreign currency reserves and/or coordinating cash flow with basic hedging strategies are ways to achieve diversification. Hedging Strategies * Currency futures contracts trade at the Chicago Board of Trade. Hedging strategies related to foreign exchange are executed to smooth currency fluctuations by anticipating and locking in exchange rates.

Financial managers hedge against currency risks with futures contracts and currency swaps. Currency futures are contracts entered into by traders that set a fixed foreign exchange rate between currencies into the future. Currency swaps allow separate parties to switch the principal and interest payments upon debt that is denominated in one currency for that of another. Lenders use currency swaps to ensure that loans do not lose value. Borrowers use currency swaps to hedge against the risk of loans becoming more expensive to pay off in foreign currency.

Of course, hedging strategies carry the opportunity cost risk of losing out on currency movements that are actually favorable. The risk that an investor will have to close out a long or short position in a foreign currency at a loss due to an adverse movement in exchange rates. Also known as “currency risk” or “exchange-rate risk”. Managing foreign exchange (or forex) risk is essential to successful investment in the forex market. Foreign exchange exposure or risk can be classified into three types: transaction, economic and translation exposure. Q. 2) PPP [purchasing POWER PARITY THEORY & ROLE IN INT BUZ Purchasing power parity (PPP) is a theory which states that exchange rates between currencies are in equilibrium when their purchasing power is the same in each of the two countries. This means that the exchange rate between two countries should equal the ratio of the two countries’ price level of a fixed basket of goods and services. When a country’s domestic price level is increasing (i. e. , a country experiences inflation), that country’s exchange rate must depreciated in order to return to PPP Q. 3) NAFTA The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States in December 1992, and came into effect on January 1st, 1994. The NAFTA is precedent-setting in that it establishes a free trade area among developed and developing countries. The agreement seeks to promote free trade in goods and services and increase investment not only by eliminating tariff protection and reducing non-tariff barriers, but also by introducing GATT plus trade and investment-related disciplines. The NAFTA builds on the bilateral Canada-U. S.

Free Trade Agreement (CUSFTA) which came into effect on January, 1989. Major advances in the NAFTA over the CUSFTA include the substantially expanded coverage of government procurement (to services and construction), intellectual property and investor’s rights (introducing binding investor-state arbitration), as well as more stringent rules of origin. Two side agreements signed in 1993 address cooperation on labor (NAALC) and the environment. These side agreements will allow the imposition of fines and trade sanctions to enforce national standards under certain circumstances.

Major trade components of the NAFTA include: General: * (a) Tariffs and Quotas: All U. S. , Canadian, and Mexican tariffs and quotas will be phased out over 15 years; * (b) Rules of Origin: Goods made with materials or labor from outside North America qualify for NAFTA treatment only if they undergo “substantial transformation” within a member country; Sector-Specific: * (a) Autos: Tariffs will be eliminated after eight years for autos only if a certain percentage of costs are comprised of North American materials or labor.

The requirement that U. S. auto manufacturers produce in Mexico in order to sell there will be lifted after 10 years; * (b) Textiles and Apparels: Strict rules will eliminate tariffs only for goods made from North American-spun y